Dana-Farber: Study reports first success of targeted therapy in type of non-small cell lung cancer

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 31-May-2012
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Contact: Bill Schaller
william_schaller@dfci.harvard.edu
617-632-4090
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

BOSTONA novel compound has become the first targeted therapy to benefit patients with the most common genetic subtype of lung cancer, an international clinical trial led by scientists at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and other institutions will report at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) June 1-5 in Chicago.

Pasi A. Jnne, MD, PhD, scientific co-director of Dana-Farber's Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, will present the findings from the randomized phase II study (abstract 7503) on Monday, June 4, 3 p.m. CT, E Hall D2, McCormick Place.

The study involved 87 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors carry a mutation in the gene KRAS. Such tumors account for about 20 percent of NSCLC cases, but no targeted therapy has proved effective against them in previous clinical research. The drug under investigation, selumetinib, doesn't attack KRAS directly, but interferes with one of its molecular henchmen, a protein called MEK.

Participants in the study all had advanced stages of the disease. They received the standard chemotherapy agent docetaxel in combination with either selumetinib or a placebo.

By many measures the rate and duration of response to treatment, change in tumor size, and proportion of patients alive and showing no signs of advancing disease -- the group receiving selumetinib did significantly better than the other group. Most clinically significant were the improved rate of response to treatment (37 percent compared to 0 percent in the placebo arm) and prolonged progression-free survival (5.3 months compared to 2.1 months in the placebo arm). Although patients in the selumetinib group survived longer, on average, than those in the placebo group 9.4 months compared to 5.2 months the improvement was not considered statistically significant.

"This clinical trial demonstrates that a combination of chemotherapy and selumetinib is significantly better than chemotherapy alone for this group of patients better in terms of tumor response to therapy and in terms of survival times prior to advance of the disease," says Jnne. "It suggests that for the first time we may have an effective treatment for KRAS-mutant lung cancer, which is the largest single subtype of the disease. These impressive clinical findings not only have implications for the treatment of lung cancer but all cancers that harbor KRAS mutations, including pancreatic and colorectal cancer."

Some side effects, such as neutropenia (a white blood cell deficiency), loss of strength, acne, and respiratory problems were more common in the selumetinib group than the other, but the rate of patients dropping out of the study because of severe side effects was similar for both groups.

###

The study involved researchers and clinicians at 67 medical centers and clinics in 12 countries. Contributors include investigators at Dana-Farber; Massachusetts General Hospital; Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Service Pneumologie Oncologie Thoracique, Clermont Ferrand, France; University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; PUCRS School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Hospital de Caridade de Ijui, Ijui, Brazil; AstraZeneca; and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

The study was sponsored by AstraZeneca.

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute is a principal teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School and is among the leading cancer research and care centers in the United States. It is a founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC), designated a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute. It provides adult cancer care with Brigham and Women's Hospital as Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and it provides pediatric care with Children's Hospital Boston as Dana-Farber/Children's Hospital Cancer Center. Dana-Farber is the top ranked cancer center in New England, according to U.S. News & World Report, and one of the largest recipients among independent hospitals of National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health grant funding. Follow Dana-Farber on Twitter: @danafarber or Facebook: facebook.com/danafarbercancerinstitute.

A video commentary by Jnne on the findings is available, youtu.be/eqTFj0Gu5Bw.


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[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 31-May-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Bill Schaller
william_schaller@dfci.harvard.edu
617-632-4090
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

BOSTONA novel compound has become the first targeted therapy to benefit patients with the most common genetic subtype of lung cancer, an international clinical trial led by scientists at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and other institutions will report at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) June 1-5 in Chicago.

Pasi A. Jnne, MD, PhD, scientific co-director of Dana-Farber's Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, will present the findings from the randomized phase II study (abstract 7503) on Monday, June 4, 3 p.m. CT, E Hall D2, McCormick Place.

The study involved 87 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors carry a mutation in the gene KRAS. Such tumors account for about 20 percent of NSCLC cases, but no targeted therapy has proved effective against them in previous clinical research. The drug under investigation, selumetinib, doesn't attack KRAS directly, but interferes with one of its molecular henchmen, a protein called MEK.

Participants in the study all had advanced stages of the disease. They received the standard chemotherapy agent docetaxel in combination with either selumetinib or a placebo.

By many measures the rate and duration of response to treatment, change in tumor size, and proportion of patients alive and showing no signs of advancing disease -- the group receiving selumetinib did significantly better than the other group. Most clinically significant were the improved rate of response to treatment (37 percent compared to 0 percent in the placebo arm) and prolonged progression-free survival (5.3 months compared to 2.1 months in the placebo arm). Although patients in the selumetinib group survived longer, on average, than those in the placebo group 9.4 months compared to 5.2 months the improvement was not considered statistically significant.

"This clinical trial demonstrates that a combination of chemotherapy and selumetinib is significantly better than chemotherapy alone for this group of patients better in terms of tumor response to therapy and in terms of survival times prior to advance of the disease," says Jnne. "It suggests that for the first time we may have an effective treatment for KRAS-mutant lung cancer, which is the largest single subtype of the disease. These impressive clinical findings not only have implications for the treatment of lung cancer but all cancers that harbor KRAS mutations, including pancreatic and colorectal cancer."

Some side effects, such as neutropenia (a white blood cell deficiency), loss of strength, acne, and respiratory problems were more common in the selumetinib group than the other, but the rate of patients dropping out of the study because of severe side effects was similar for both groups.

###

The study involved researchers and clinicians at 67 medical centers and clinics in 12 countries. Contributors include investigators at Dana-Farber; Massachusetts General Hospital; Instituto Brasileiro de Cancerologia Toracica, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Service Pneumologie Oncologie Thoracique, Clermont Ferrand, France; University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; PUCRS School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Hospital de Caridade de Ijui, Ijui, Brazil; AstraZeneca; and University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

The study was sponsored by AstraZeneca.

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute is a principal teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School and is among the leading cancer research and care centers in the United States. It is a founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC), designated a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute. It provides adult cancer care with Brigham and Women's Hospital as Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center and it provides pediatric care with Children's Hospital Boston as Dana-Farber/Children's Hospital Cancer Center. Dana-Farber is the top ranked cancer center in New England, according to U.S. News & World Report, and one of the largest recipients among independent hospitals of National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health grant funding. Follow Dana-Farber on Twitter: @danafarber or Facebook: facebook.com/danafarbercancerinstitute.

A video commentary by Jnne on the findings is available, youtu.be/eqTFj0Gu5Bw.


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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Soup Recipes Guide ? Food and Drinks

Soup is a comfort food that can be found all over the world. Soup can cheer you up when you?re feeling under the weather, or help you fight the chill on a brisk day. Soup helps us to keep from overeating, but we are careful not to take too much soup. Soups are an excellent way to use leftover grains and beans. Soup is deliciously simple to prepare, quite a cheap meal idea, very nutritious and easy to digest. Soup makes a wonderful meal, and once you make a pot or two, you?ll discover it isn?t really that hard to make. Soups can serve as a main dish when they are hearty and filled with meats and vegetables. Soup can be transferred to a large bowl and kept covered in cling wrap in the refrigerator for up to 4 days, or frozen for future use. Soup helps you include lots of vegetables in your family?s diet.

Soup recipes are always popular but they seem to become even more so when the weather starts to cool down.

Soup recipes are versatile enough for any situation, on any day. Soup recipes are actually among the most forgiving of all when it comes to measurements, substitutions, etc. Soup recipes can be made for an appetizer, a lunch or dinner. Soup recipes are not necessarily used just for the winter time, or when you are sick. Soup recipes are warming, good for you and simple to make.

Soup recipes are usually stock or broth-based, like chicken noodle soup, or they can be creamy, like creamy mushroom soup. Chicken noodle soup is warming and pleasing and many of us have fond memories of the homemade chicken noodle soup we enjoyed as children.

Chicken soup can be enjoyed as an appetizer, as a meal in itself or as a comforting drink at any time of the day or night. Chicken soup comes in many varieties, including Asian, Mexican, Japanese, and Thai style soups and there are plenty of international stew recipes also. Chicken soup recipes are low in fat, even more so if you skim the fat from the top of the soup before serving. Chicken soup is cheap and easy to prepare, nutritious and easily digestible, making it a very good food for convalescing people. Chicken soup has been prescribed to cure colds, by draining nasal passages and through the blend of nutrients and vitamins that slow the growth of certain white cells. Cooking a bone in a chicken soup recipe can increase the amount of calcium in the soup recipe too.?

Chicken Noodle Soup:

Ingredients:

2 cans chicken broth

2 cans water

1/4 tsp. poultry seasoning

1/2 tsp. crushed dried thyme leaves

1 medium onion, finely chopped

1 large carrot, peeled and sliced 1/4 inch thick

1 stalk celery, sliced 1/4 inch thick

3 cups cooked diced chicken

2 cups wide egg noodles

1/4 cup finely chopped fresh parsley

ground black pepper

Directions:

1. In a large stockpot combine the broth, water, poultry seasoning, thyme, celery, carrot, and onion.

2. Over medium heat, heat to boiling, stirring occasionally then reduce the heat to low. Add the cooked chicken.

3. Cover and cook 15-20 minutes or until vegetables are tender, stirring occasionally.

4. Add the noodles, cook until just tender (about 5 minutes). Stir in the parsley and pepper to taste and serve.

More Soup Articles

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OH3: Officer must at least articulate a legal basis for the stop

Where officer could not articulate a facial legal basis for the stop, it was unreasonable as a matter of law. In addition, the trial court made a finding of fact [likely to help the officer] that was never in the testimony at the hearing. State v. Haas, 2012 Ohio 2362, 2012 Ohio App. LEXIS 2080 (3d Dist. May 29, 2012):

[*P27] In light of the relevant case law from this and other districts, we hold that when a defendant's conduct does not facially violate the traffic statute which provides the sole basis for the officer's alleged reasonable articulable suspicion, the stop is unconstitutional.

. . .

[*P33] The State argues that it would be unreasonable to expect our law enforcement officers to know the details of every traffic offense and to make an accurate determination of the statute's applicability. Such requirements, the State explains, would hamper law enforcement to the extent it would cause "paralysis by analysis." We aver that knowledge of the traffic laws is the very essence of a patrol officer's job. To require any less than an accurate, working knowledge of the traffic offenses and to fail to ensure that the one being seized at least reasonably appeared to have violated a statute on its face gravely deprives citizens of their constitutional right to be free from warrantless searches and seizures.

[*P34] This is the unfortunate scenario in the present case. Officer Wymer unconstitutionally seized Haas under the suspicion that Haas violated a law. However, the officer's own testimony revealed that he did not know the requirements of this very law. Haas was not and could not have been engaged in the specific criminal activity testified to by Officer Wymer. Yet he was seized and arrested due to the officer's lack of knowledge of the very law he was enforcing.

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Asian markets rise as Greece hopes spur buying

Asian markets rose for a second straight day on Tuesday as dealers picked up bargains after heavy selling through May, with confidence boosted by hopes that Greece will avoid exiting the eurozone.

Shares also received a lift on hopes that China will implement new stimulus measures to raise domestic demand and fast track some major construction projects.

Investors, however, remained nervous by eurozone woes as attention turned to Spain, where a growing banking and borrowing crisis has raised fears the country could be forced to ask for a bailout.

Tokyo rose 0.74 percent, or 63.93 points, to 8,657.08, with Panasonic gaining 3.87 percent to end at 536 yen following reports that it may halve its 7,000-strong Osaka headquarters as part of a bid to streamline the Japanese electronics giant following record annual losses.

Nomura Holdings rose 1.93 percent at 264 yen despite a report that Japan's securities watchdog will likely to ask financial regulators to take action against the investment bank over its alleged involvement in insider trading.

The Seoul market added 1.41 percent, or 25.74 points, to close at 1,849.91 while Sydney gained 1.14 percent, or 46.4 points, at 4,114,4.

Hong Kong closed 1.35 percent higher, adding 254.47 points to 19,055.46 and Shanghai rose 1.20 percent, or 28.27 points, up at 2,389.64.

Global markets have been in a downward spiral since May 6 elections in Greece saw anti-austerity parties -- who have promised to tear up terms of a bailout package -- post huge gains.

With no clear winner the country has been hit by political uncertainty until another election on June 17, with analysts warning anti-bailout groups would win and in turn see Athens leave the euro.

However, weekend opinion polls showed the pro-austerity conservatives in front, fuelling hopes Athens will eventually comply with the terms of the European Union-International Monetary Fund rescue deal.

While concerns that Greece could exit the eurozone remain high, Spain's struggles have come to the fore in the past week after Bankia, one of the country's biggest lenders, asked for $24 billion in state aid.

In Madrid Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy said Monday the country was struggling to borrow as the yields on benchmark Spanish bonds soared to 6.479 percent, considered too high for governments to keep servicing their debts.

However, he tried to soothe investors by saying that his government would not have to follow Greece, Ireland and Portugal in asking for a bailout to help pay its bills.

"Systemic risk is on the rise, and the problems have increasingly become circular, with banks themselves large holders of government debt," ANZ Research analysts said in a note.

"Spain has become another problem child for the (European Union)," it said.

The euro bought $1.2534 in Asian trade, against $1.2543 in London, while it was at 99.67 yen compared with 99.95 yen. US markets were closed Monday for a holiday.

The dollar was at 79.50 yen Tuesday, from 79.52 yen in London.

Shares in Shanghai and Hong Kong shares were given an added lift by a report in the state-run Shanghai Securities News that Beijing would introduce measures to jumpstart demand for automobiles.

The news stoked expectations of more stimulus for other parts of the economy after a string of recent data indicating the world's number two economy is easing.

"Investors can find opportunities in sectors like railroads, airlines, cars, water conservation, green energy, cement and heavy metals," Wang Bo, an analyst at China Minzu Securities, said.

"These are all areas that will get a boost in corporate profit as Beijing rolls out sector-specific stimulus projects here," he added, according to Dow Jones Newswires.

On oil markets New York's main contract, West Texas Intermediate crude for delivery in July was up 79 cents at $91.65 per barrel while Brent North Sea crude for July up 47cents to $107.58 in the late afternoon.

Gold was at $1,576.40 an ounce at 0805 GMT, compared with $1,578.70 late Monday.

In other markets:

-- Wellington rose 0.46 percent, or 16.04 points, to 3,478.29.

Telecom was up 1.57 percent at NZ$2.58 while Fletcher Building gained 1.79 percent to NZ$6.25.

-- Manila closed 1.42 percent, or 70.37 points, up at 5,023.11.

GT Capital Holdings rose 3.10 percent to 498 pesos, Universal Robina added 1.50 percent to 61 pesos and Philippine Long Distance Telephone fell 1.79 percent to 2,306 pesos.

-- Taipei surged 2.89 percent, or 206.29 points, to 7,342.29.

Leading smartphone maker HTC rose 4.10 percent to Tw$432.0 while Hon Hai Precision gained 4.80 percent at Tw$89.5.

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help finding rental propperty

Hi Lauren,

Welcome to PP & you have started with a topic most people will love to rant about with regard to Rental Agents.

They are very poor out here as it's a market full of people wanting to rent a place.

We did a 14week short term fully furnished rental via Tracey at ozhouserentals.com which gave us time to get settled & work out where we want to live without taking a longterm lease we would then regret.

We had a 4bed 2 bathroom place in Baldivis for $500/week fully furnished - only thing missing was AirCon but the time you are coming over you wont be needing it for a couple months.

Beyond that we produced a file of references from employers, bank details, credit score, a copy of our visa, and anything else we could think of that would help.

We found a place via gumtree with a private landlady who has been brilliant whereas a lot of the mainstream letting agencies said we hadn't been here long enough or some other excuse.

If you go mainstream agency then look on realestate.com.au or reiwa.com.au but often with the market as competitive as it is here the price listed is almost a starting price & people actually offer more per week for places!!

One we looked at was listed at $520 and someone didnt even walk round, filled in the form & offered $650! (Sorry I was nosy & looked over her shoulder).

All I can say is give yourself time to find a place, we started looking with 8 weeks of our 14 week rental still to go & only secured one with 2 weeks to go.

Workwise - again dont wait for agencies, contact companies direct - they are very approachable & will be grateful not to pay agency fees to recruit someone.

All I can say is we have been here 4 months & it's everything we hoped it would be and soo much more. Last night it was just a normal day and we went to watch the sunset on the beach, only people on a beach about 1km long, it was amazing to finally be able to do these things after talking about it for so long.

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Lockout/Tagout for the automotive repair | The large free download ...

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Talking to Your Loved One About In Home Care Part 2

In Talking to Your Loved One About In Home Care Part 1, we discussed a number of key things to consider when approaching the subject of assisted living or in-home care with a loved one who needs it. The beginning of this process -- and possibly the most important initial steps -- include educating yourself about senior care and discussing the idea with other family members first. In this installment of the series we'll detail 5 more steps in the process of talking to your loved one about in home care.

Make the Object of the Discussion Known

Once you've collected all of the relevant information and discussed the idea with other family members, it's time to mention the idea to your loved one. The best way to do this is to not "beat around the bush," and just let your family member know what you'd like to talk about. Asking for a discussion without telling them the subject will probably only serve to stress or irritate them, so do them the courtesy of being forthwith in your request:

"I'd like to talk to you about getting a little help for you/us around here." "I was thinking that we could have someone come in to lend a hand with things." "We should talk about getting a little assistance with your daily care."

Even if the idea isn't warmly received right away, your loved one will appreciate you being up-front about the issue, and letting them know what you want to talk about in advance will give them some time to think about it.

Set a specific time for the discussion

This is important because it's the beginning of a commitment process; first a commitment to the talk, then a commitment to think about it, and hopefully a commitment to try in-home care. Make sure you let your loved one know that you value your time and theirs by setting a time and expectation for the conversation.

Allow a Natural Exchange

A natural dialogue is critical if you expect to make positive progress. State a point, be brief with it, and let your family member respond. Even if their mental state doesn't appear to you to warrant such an exchange, you need to allow for it, as this is an important discussion. The more your loved one feels that they are being empowered to make a healthy, independent decision to get a little assistance, the more likely it is that they'll agree to try it.

Don't Force It

Unfortunately, some of our elders may see in home care as a loss of independence and might be naturally resistant to it. Forcing the issue is only going to make things worse. Be patient. Listen to what they have to say and try to put yourself in their situation.

Try again

Ultimately, in home care, senior care and/or assisted living can help to improve the quality of life of everyone in your family involved in providing care for your loved one. So if they're not receptive to the idea right away, give it some time and try again. Patience and understanding will go much farther than trying to rapidly make such an important change.

To learn more and to get an immediate consultation about care for your family member, contact a professional in home care provider now. They can help you develop a solution for your family that will have you all living a better quality of life.

Click here for an immediate consultation from our Pittsburgh Senior Care firm; a member of the Comfort Keepers agency. Click here for the original source of this article: http://www.pittsburghseniorcare.org/talking-to-your-loved-one-about-in-home-c...

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U.N. Security Council Condemns Syria

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Study finds emissions from widely used cookstoves vary with use

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 29-May-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Liz Ahlberg
eahlberg@illinois.edu
217-244-1073
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

CHAMPAIGN, Ill. The smoke rising from a cookstove fills the air with the tantalizing aroma of dinner and a cloud of pollutants and particles that threaten both health and the environment. How families in developing countries use their cookstoves has a big effect on emissions from those stoves, and laboratory emission tests don't accurately reflect real-world operations, according to a study by University of Illinois researchers.

Biomass-burning cookstoves are used throughout the developing world, using wood, agricultural waste and other organic matter as fuel. They are also a major cause of poor air quality in the regions where use is prevalent. Policymakers and nonprofit organizations are working to develop and distribute "improved" cookstoves, for example, adding insulation or chimneys to reduce emissions. They are especially concerned with fine particles that are emitted, which cause health problems and also affect climate.

Much like automobiles undergo emission testing before hitting the market, cookstoves are tested in the lab before distribution to gauge how effective improvements are at reducing emissions. But if the conditions aren't the same as how people use them at home, then the changes that designers make to the stove may not actually reduce emissions in the field.

"The understanding of how people really use combustion devices is important if we're going to optimize that device," said study leader Tami Bond, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at U. of I. "In the laboratory, where tests are conducted by trained people, there's a lot more attention to operating the stove carefully. At home, people are not as concerned with its operation; they're more concerned with making a meal. So they operate in ways that are non-optimal."

However, these variations in use are masked by the current methods of testing, which use only average values to determine emissions sort of like a snapshot of the stove in operation, not accounting for variation in use. Bond's team developed a real-time analysis technique called Patterns of Real-Time Emissions Data (PaRTED) that allows researchers to compare emissions under different operating conditions and to measure how often a stove operates under certain conditions in the field.

"Wood burning is like a dance," Bond said. "A movie gives you a better understanding than a photograph. This is a way to make movies of how users change as they make fires, and that can help people understand emission rates and make better stoves."

Using PaRTED, Bond's team tested cookstoves in use in a village in Honduras and compared the field results to lab results. The researchers found that operation under less-than-ideal conditions produces the highest emissions. They also found that in the field, stoves are rarely used under optimal conditions, a scenario not reproduced in laboratory tests.

The team compared emission profiles, or the chemical makeup of the smoke, from traditional cookstoves and two types of improved stoves: insulated stoves and stoves with chimneys. They found that although stoves with an insulated combustion chamber could increase overall efficiency, they did not significantly reduce emissions per mass of fuel burned. Chimneys did reduce certain types of particle emissions but chimneys did not cut down on black particles, the type most harmful to climate.

"Our measurements confirm that changes in stove design cause a change in the way they operate," Bond said. "I think people weren't aware that changes in design actually change the profile of the emissions rather than just reducing emissions."

Next, the researchers will use PaRTED analysis to study variations in cookstove use in different regions of the world. Bond hopes that PaRTED and this study will inform future testing protocols for cookstoves in the lab, enabling researchers to more accurately test under realistic conditions and providing insight into a whole range of possible use scenarios.

"Insulated and chimneyed stoves are a step in the right direction, but not as far as we need to go to get really clean stoves," Bond said. "The next step is to identify both the patterns of stove operation and the factors that lead to the characteristic profile of operation so that those can be brought into the lab and optimized. The cookstove world is moving toward having emission standards. It would be best if those standards were relevant to real operations."

###

The researchers published their study in the journal Environmental Science & Technology. The National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency supported this work. Postdoctoral research associate Yanju Chen and Bond group alumnus Christoph Roden were co-authors of the paper.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 29-May-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Liz Ahlberg
eahlberg@illinois.edu
217-244-1073
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

CHAMPAIGN, Ill. The smoke rising from a cookstove fills the air with the tantalizing aroma of dinner and a cloud of pollutants and particles that threaten both health and the environment. How families in developing countries use their cookstoves has a big effect on emissions from those stoves, and laboratory emission tests don't accurately reflect real-world operations, according to a study by University of Illinois researchers.

Biomass-burning cookstoves are used throughout the developing world, using wood, agricultural waste and other organic matter as fuel. They are also a major cause of poor air quality in the regions where use is prevalent. Policymakers and nonprofit organizations are working to develop and distribute "improved" cookstoves, for example, adding insulation or chimneys to reduce emissions. They are especially concerned with fine particles that are emitted, which cause health problems and also affect climate.

Much like automobiles undergo emission testing before hitting the market, cookstoves are tested in the lab before distribution to gauge how effective improvements are at reducing emissions. But if the conditions aren't the same as how people use them at home, then the changes that designers make to the stove may not actually reduce emissions in the field.

"The understanding of how people really use combustion devices is important if we're going to optimize that device," said study leader Tami Bond, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at U. of I. "In the laboratory, where tests are conducted by trained people, there's a lot more attention to operating the stove carefully. At home, people are not as concerned with its operation; they're more concerned with making a meal. So they operate in ways that are non-optimal."

However, these variations in use are masked by the current methods of testing, which use only average values to determine emissions sort of like a snapshot of the stove in operation, not accounting for variation in use. Bond's team developed a real-time analysis technique called Patterns of Real-Time Emissions Data (PaRTED) that allows researchers to compare emissions under different operating conditions and to measure how often a stove operates under certain conditions in the field.

"Wood burning is like a dance," Bond said. "A movie gives you a better understanding than a photograph. This is a way to make movies of how users change as they make fires, and that can help people understand emission rates and make better stoves."

Using PaRTED, Bond's team tested cookstoves in use in a village in Honduras and compared the field results to lab results. The researchers found that operation under less-than-ideal conditions produces the highest emissions. They also found that in the field, stoves are rarely used under optimal conditions, a scenario not reproduced in laboratory tests.

The team compared emission profiles, or the chemical makeup of the smoke, from traditional cookstoves and two types of improved stoves: insulated stoves and stoves with chimneys. They found that although stoves with an insulated combustion chamber could increase overall efficiency, they did not significantly reduce emissions per mass of fuel burned. Chimneys did reduce certain types of particle emissions but chimneys did not cut down on black particles, the type most harmful to climate.

"Our measurements confirm that changes in stove design cause a change in the way they operate," Bond said. "I think people weren't aware that changes in design actually change the profile of the emissions rather than just reducing emissions."

Next, the researchers will use PaRTED analysis to study variations in cookstove use in different regions of the world. Bond hopes that PaRTED and this study will inform future testing protocols for cookstoves in the lab, enabling researchers to more accurately test under realistic conditions and providing insight into a whole range of possible use scenarios.

"Insulated and chimneyed stoves are a step in the right direction, but not as far as we need to go to get really clean stoves," Bond said. "The next step is to identify both the patterns of stove operation and the factors that lead to the characteristic profile of operation so that those can be brought into the lab and optimized. The cookstove world is moving toward having emission standards. It would be best if those standards were relevant to real operations."

###

The researchers published their study in the journal Environmental Science & Technology. The National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency supported this work. Postdoctoral research associate Yanju Chen and Bond group alumnus Christoph Roden were co-authors of the paper.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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